Skip to main content

What Is Gross Negligence and How Is It Different from Ordinary Negligence in New York?

Call Now to Request a Free Consultation (646) 647-3398

The Following People Contributed to This Page

Loyda Gomez
Written byLoyda GomezParalegal & Office ManagerB.A.Sc., Political Science & Government, John Jay College of Criminal Justice (CUNY), 22+ years at The Orlow Firm, Bilingual: English and Spanish

Updated: October 17, 2025 · 22 min read

What Is Gross Negligence in New York?

In New York, gross negligence refers to conduct that is far more serious than ordinary negligence. It involves a reckless disregard for the safety and rights of others—behavior that goes well beyond simple carelessness. This standard reflects a deliberate failure to exercise even minimal care and often borders on intentional misconduct.

Defining Gross Negligence in New York

Reckless Indifference: Gross negligence involves behavior that reflects a reckless indifference to the rights and safety of others, showing an absence of even slight care. Complete Disregard for Safety: It indicates a total lack of concern for the consequences of one’s actions and a refusal to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm. Severity of Conduct: This is not just a more serious form of negligence—it represents a fundamentally different type of misconduct. Courts often describe it as “wanton” or “egregious” behavior. Potential for Intentional Wrongdoing: In extreme cases, the actions may rise to a level that “smacks of intentional wrongdoing,” even if they weren’t specifically intended to cause harm.

Examples of Gross Negligence

  • A drunk driver crashing into a school bus
  • A construction supervisor ignoring repeated warnings about faulty scaffolding, leading to a collapse.
  • Nursing home staff neglecting to provide food, water, or necessary care

Legal Consequences of Gross Negligence

Punitive Damages: New York courts may award punitive damages in cases involving gross negligence or intentional misconduct. These damages are meant to punish especially harmful behavior and serve as a deterrent to others. Overcoming Liability Limits: If a party’s conduct amounts to gross negligence, contractual limits on liability may not apply. This means that even where a contract attempts to cap damages, a court could still allow broader recovery due to the severity of the misconduct.

Gross Negligence: A Deeper Look

In New York, gross negligence means someone acted with extreme carelessness or disregard for the safety of others. It's more serious than ordinary negligence, which generally involves a failure to be reasonably careful. With gross negligence, a person doesn't just make a mistake—they ignore obvious risks or behave in a way any reasonable person would avoid. The law in New York looks at both the action itself and the mindset behind it. To count as gross negligence, someone's behavior must show a clear lack of concern for the likely harm it could cause. It's not enough that they made a bad decision—they must have taken dangerous actions with a “reckless disregard” for others' safety. This means they knew the risk and ignored it anyway. Gross negligence is often used in personal injury and wrongful death cases. It can also apply in car accidents, medical malpractice, or even injuries at public places. In many of these cases, proving gross negligence can open the door to receiving more compensation for your injuries, especially when pain, suffering, or long-term harm is involved. Keep in mind that every case is different, and courts in New York look at many factors. If you've suffered a serious injury and believe gross negligence may be involved, you should speak with a personal injury lawyer to explore your options. For questions or a free consultation, call The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398.

How Does Gross Negligence Differ from Ordinary Negligence?

Gross negligence and ordinary negligence are both legal terms that describe carelessness, but they are very different in how serious the actions are. In New York, the difference can have a big impact on a personal injury case. Ordinary negligence means someone failed to act with reasonable care. This is what you see in many everyday accident cases. For example, a store owner who forgets to mop up a spill may be found negligent if someone slips and gets hurt. The owner didn’t mean to hurt anyone, but they failed to take proper care. Gross negligence is much more serious. It means someone showed a complete disregard for the safety of others. It’s not just a mistake or accident. It’s a reckless act that puts people at high risk of harm. While ordinary negligence might involve forgetting something important, gross negligence involves ignoring clear dangers. Here’s a simple way to compare the two:
  • Ordinary negligence: Carelessness that happens when a person fails to act as a reasonable person would.
  • Gross negligence: Extreme carelessness that shows a reckless disregard for safety or life.
In New York City, gross negligence may be involved in cases like:
  • A driver speeding through a school zone during dismissal hours.
  • A landlord ignoring multiple fire code violations that lead to a deadly fire.
  • A nursing home ignoring a patient's medical needs for days, causing serious harm.
Courts in New York treat these two types of negligence differently. Ordinary negligence can lead to covering medical bills or lost wages. But gross negligence can open the door for more types of damages and stronger legal claims. Understanding whether your case involves ordinary or gross negligence can affect how your case moves forward. If you're unsure which type applies, talking with a knowledgeable attorney can help clarify your options.

Why Does the Difference Between Gross and Ordinary Negligence Matter in NYC?

The difference between gross negligence and ordinary negligence matters a lot in New York City, especially when it comes to personal injury lawsuits. Understanding this difference can impact how a case is handled in court and what types of damages a person may be able to recover. Ordinary negligence happens when someone fails to act with reasonable care. For example, a store owner who forgets to clean up a spilled drink could be considered negligent if a customer slips and gets hurt. Gross negligence, on the other hand, is much more serious. It means that someone acted in a reckless or extremely careless way. It shows a total disregard for the safety of others. For example, a building manager who knows about a broken fire escape but does nothing to fix it might be considered grossly negligent. In New York, the difference between the two matters for several key reasons:
  • Higher damages may be awarded: If gross negligence is proven, you may be able to seek punitive damages, which are meant to punish the wrongdoer.
  • Stronger legal claims: Proving gross negligence can help support a stronger civil lawsuit, especially in cases involving serious injuries.
  • Limited protections for the wrongdoer: Certain legal protections may not apply when gross negligence is involved. For example, contractual liability limits and exculpatory clauses are unenforceable when a defendant's conduct rises to the level of gross negligence. Similarly, emergency-vehicle operators who act with reckless disregard for the safety of others under VTL § 1104(e) may be held liable despite statutory protections.
For example, if a city employee causes injury to someone in NYC, the city might be protected from being sued for simple negligence. But if that employee’s actions were grossly negligent, a victim may still be able to file a lawsuit, even with government protections in place. In short, the difference between gross and ordinary negligence can affect:
  1. Your ability to file a lawsuit
  2. The amount of compensation you might receive
  3. Whether certain legal protections apply to the defendant
If you believe that gross negligence caused your injury in New York City, it’s important to understand your rights. Reach out to The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 to speak with a personal injury attorney who can help you understand your legal options.

What Are Some Examples of Gross Negligence in New York?

Gross negligence goes beyond careless or reckless behavior. It shows a complete disregard for the safety of others. In New York, this type of behavior can lead to serious legal consequences and may allow injured victims to seek more compensation than in ordinary negligence cases. Here are some real-world examples of gross negligence that may occur in New York City:
  • A doctor operating while intoxicated: If a surgeon performs a procedure while under the influence of drugs or alcohol, this can be seen as gross negligence. It shows a reckless disregard for patient safety.
  • Nursing home staff ignoring a medical emergency: If nursing home staff clearly see a resident having a medical crisis and choose to do nothing, this may be considered gross negligence. Their inaction can cause serious harm or death.
  • A landlord ignoring repeated fire code violations: If a NYC landlord knows about faulty smoke detectors or broken fire escapes but fails to fix them, and someone is injured in a fire, this could be viewed as gross negligence.
  • Driver speeding through a school zone while texting: A driver going over 60 mph in a 20-mph school zone during school hours and texting at the same time may be showing gross negligence. This behavior shows they care little for the safety of children and others nearby.
  • Construction site ignoring repeated safety warnings: If a construction company ignores safety violations cited during inspections and someone falls or gets crushed as a result, it may rise to the level of gross negligence.
Each of these examples involves more than just a mistake. They show someone acting with little or no concern for how their actions might hurt other people. That is what separates gross negligence from simple negligence in New York. If you or a loved one was harmed because someone acted with gross negligence, you may have legal options. You could be eligible to bring a lawsuit and possibly seek more damages than in a standard personal injury case. For compassionate and knowledgeable legal support in NYC, contact The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 to discuss your situation in a free consultation.

Can You Sue for Gross Negligence in NYC?

Yes, you can sue for gross negligence in New York City, but it depends on the details of your case. Gross negligence goes beyond simple carelessness. It involves reckless or extreme behavior that shows a disregard for the safety or rights of others. If someone’s actions were so dangerous that no reasonable person would do the same, you may have the right to file a lawsuit. In NYC, many personal injury cases start with insurance claims. But when gross negligence is involved, you may be able to go beyond insurance and take legal action in civil court. This could apply to cases involving medical malpractice, nursing home abuse, workplace injuries, or even car accidents—if the at-fault party’s actions were especially reckless. To sue for gross negligence in New York, you generally need to prove the following:
  • Duty of care: The person or organization had a responsibility to act with reasonable care.
  • Breach of duty: They failed to meet that responsibility through extreme or reckless behavior.
  • Causation: Their actions directly caused your injury.
  • Damages: You suffered real harm, such as physical injury, medical bills, or emotional distress.
Unlike regular negligence, gross negligence is much more serious. For example, imagine a building owner in Brooklyn who knows that the fire escape is broken but ignores it for months. If someone falls and is badly hurt trying to use that fire escape during an emergency, that could be gross negligence. Suing for gross negligence can allow victims to recover more damages, including pain and suffering. In some cases, it may also open the door to punitive damages, which are meant to punish the wrongdoer—not just compensate the victim. If you believe you were harmed because of gross negligence in NYC, it's important to speak with a qualified personal injury attorney. These cases can be complex, and proving gross negligence requires clear evidence. An attorney can help you gather the facts and file a strong claim. For help understanding your rights and whether you have a valid case, contact The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free, confidential consultation.

How Do New York Courts Prove Gross Negligence?

Proving gross negligence in New York can be challenging. The court must see more than just a simple mistake or poor judgment. Gross negligence means someone acted with extreme carelessness or complete disregard for the safety of others. It's much more serious than ordinary negligence. To prove gross negligence, New York courts look for several key factors:
  • Duty of care was owed: The person had a legal obligation to act in a safe and responsible way.
  • That duty was severely ignored: The person didn’t just make a small mistake—they acted in a way that showed they didn’t care about the serious risks to others.
  • It caused harm: Their careless behavior directly led to someone being injured or suffering a loss.
Unlike ordinary negligence, which may involve a slip-up or inattention, gross negligence involves actions—or lack of action—that most people would find shockingly reckless. For example, imagine a property owner in New York City who knows their apartment building’s fire alarm system has not worked for months. Multiple complaints about it go ignored. Then, a fire breaks out, and tenants are injured because they weren’t alerted in time. If the owner knew the alarm didn’t work and did nothing, a court could see that as gross negligence. Court evidence to prove gross negligence may include:
  • Witness testimony – People who saw the behavior may testify that the person was warned or knew of the danger and still ignored it.
  • Inspection reports or emails – Documents showing the person was told about the danger and took no action.
  • Expert opinions – Professionals can explain how a reasonable person would have acted differently under the same conditions.
New York courts set the bar high for gross negligence. They must see proof that the person did something far beyond simple negligence. This often means looking at patterns of behavior, prior warnings, or a clear history of ignoring serious problems. If you believe gross negligence caused your injury in NYC, it's important to gather evidence quickly and understand the legal process. To learn more or get help with your case, call The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free consultation.

What Damages Can You Recover in a Gross Negligence Case in NYC?

In New York City, if you're hurt because of gross negligence, you may be able to recover several types of damages. "Damages" are the money awarded to make up for harm caused by someone else. In personal injury cases, gross negligence means the at-fault party showed extreme carelessness or reckless disregard for your safety. Courts may allow you to seek more than just basic compensation when gross negligence is involved. Here are the main types of damages you may be able to recover:
  • Medical expenses: This includes hospital bills, doctor visits, surgery, therapy, medication, and any future medical care you may need due to the injury.
  • Lost wages: If your injury caused you to miss work, you can recover lost income. If your injury affects your ability to work long-term, you may also recover future lost earnings.
  • Pain and suffering: This covers the physical pain and emotional distress caused by your injury. These damages are often higher in gross negligence cases because the harm is considered more severe.
  • Loss of enjoyment of life: If your injury prevents you from doing things you once enjoyed—like hobbies, travel, or spending time with family—you may receive money for that loss.
  • Permanent disability or disfigurement: If you are left with a lasting injury or visible change, such as a scar or limp, you may be compensated for that as well.
In rare cases, gross negligence can also lead to punitive damages. These are not meant to pay you back for losses, but to punish the wrongdoer and send a warning to others. New York courts do not award punitive damages lightly. They are only given when the person’s actions were especially dangerous or reckless. For example, if a landlord in the Bronx ignored repeated reports of a broken fire escape and someone was seriously injured because of it, that could be considered gross negligence. If the court agrees, you could seek not just medical costs, but also pain and suffering, lost income, and possibly even punitive damages. If you or a loved one has been harmed in a situation involving gross negligence, it’s important to understand your rights. A personal injury attorney can explain what types of damages you may be able to pursue based on your unique situation. To learn more or discuss your case, contact The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free consultation.

Is Gross Negligence Treated Differently in Personal Injury vs. Medical Malpractice Cases?

Yes, gross negligence is treated somewhat differently in personal injury cases compared to medical malpractice cases in New York. While both types of cases can involve serious harm, the legal standards and proof requirements are not exactly the same. In personal injury cases—such as car accidents or slip and falls—gross negligence means that the person or company acted with extreme carelessness or recklessness. It goes beyond simple mistakes. For example, if a property owner knew about a broken stair and did nothing for weeks, and someone gets seriously hurt, that could be considered gross negligence. In medical malpractice cases, gross negligence is harder to prove. Doctors and hospitals are held to specific medical standards. Not every mistake is considered malpractice, and even fewer rise to the level of gross negligence. To prove gross negligence in these cases, you often must show that the medical provider did something far outside of acceptable medical practices. For example, if a surgeon operated on the wrong limb after ignoring patient charts and confirming steps, that could be gross negligence. Medical malpractice cases in New York also have additional rules, including:
  • Shorter time to file a lawsuit : Often just 2½ years from the time of the mistake or from when it was discovered.
  • Expert testimony is usually required : A qualified medical expert often needs to explain how the care fell far below accepted medical standards.
In contrast, many other types of personal injury claims—like those involving landlords, drivers, or construction sites—may not require medical experts to prove gross negligence, though strong evidence is still needed. Overall, it is more difficult to prove gross negligence in medical malpractice cases because the law protects medical professionals unless the actions are truly outrageous. In personal injury cases, the focus is more on the level of care a reasonable person would use in that situation. If you’ve been injured and believe gross negligence played a role—whether in a hospital or on a city sidewalk—understanding the legal standards is important. Each case is unique, and figuring out how the law applies to your situation can make a big difference. To speak with someone about your case, you can contact The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free consultation.

Can Gross Negligence Lead to Punitive Damages in New York?

Yes, gross negligence can lead to punitive damages in New York, but it depends on the facts of the case. Punitive damages are not the same as compensation for medical bills or lost wages. They are meant to punish the wrongdoer and to deter others from acting the same way. In most personal injury cases, the goal is to compensate the victim for harm done. However, when someone's actions go beyond carelessness—when they are reckless or show a complete disregard for others’ safety—a court may award punitive damages. Gross negligence means much more than just a simple mistake. It refers to extreme or shocking carelessness. In legal terms, it’s behavior that shows a clear lack of concern for the safety of others. Punitive damages are only awarded in rare cases. The court needs to see that the person or company knew their actions were likely to cause serious harm but chose to act anyway. This is different from ordinary negligence, where someone simply fails to act with reasonable care. To help understand when punitive damages might apply, here are some examples that could happen in New York City:
  • A landlord ignores repeated gas leak complaints from tenants, and the building explodes, injuring residents.
  • A doctor operates while under the influence of drugs , causing serious harm to a patient.
  • A trucking company forces tired drivers to work long shifts , and one causes a deadly crash due to fatigue.
In these cases, the wrongdoer's behavior is not just careless—it shows a complete disregard for human life or safety. If courts find this level of gross negligence, they may award punitive damages in addition to compensation for injuries and other losses. It’s important to remember that New York courts are strict about when they allow punitive damages. The victim (or their lawyer) must prove that the gross negligence rises to a level that justifies punishment. This often requires showing clear and convincing evidence. If you or a loved one has been injured due to someone else’s extreme recklessness, it may be possible to seek punitive damages. Contact The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free consultation to discuss your legal options.

FAQ About Gross Negligence Laws in NYC

Here are answers to common questions about gross negligence laws in New York City. These can help you better understand your rights and options if you or a loved one has been hurt.
  • What is the legal definition of gross negligence in New York? Gross negligence means a person acted with extreme carelessness. It's more than just a simple mistake or accident. It shows a reckless disregard for the safety of others.
  • How is gross negligence different from ordinary negligence? Ordinary negligence is a failure to use reasonable care, like forgetting to clean up a spill. Gross negligence involves much more serious conduct, such as ignoring known dangers or breaking important safety rules on purpose.
  • Can I sue for gross negligence in NYC? Yes. If someone’s gross negligence caused your injury, you may have the right to file a personal injury lawsuit in civil court. This allows you to seek money for medical bills, pain and suffering, lost income, and more.
  • What types of cases can involve gross negligence? Gross negligence can happen in many situations, such as:
    • A doctor ignoring clear medical warnings
    • A landlord failing to fix a known fire hazard
    • A building owner not repairing broken stairs for months
  • Does gross negligence apply in both medical malpractice and personal injury cases? Yes, but the rules for proving it may differ. In medical malpractice cases, you must usually show that a provider acted far below accepted standards of care. In general personal injury cases, you must prove the person acted with extreme recklessness.
  • Is it hard to prove gross negligence? It can be. Courts require strong evidence. You’ll likely need to show that the person knew their actions were dangerous and chose to ignore the risk anyway. Witnesses, records, and expert opinions may help support your case.
  • Can gross negligence lead to extra damages? In some cases, yes. If a court finds that someone acted with gross negligence, you may be able to seek punitive damages. These are meant to punish the wrongdoer and prevent similar behavior in the future.
  • How long do I have to file a gross negligence claim in NYC? In most cases, you have three years from the date of the injury to file a personal injury lawsuit in New York. However, certain cases may have shorter deadlines, especially those involving government agencies.
  • Does gross negligence ever become a crime? While gross negligence is usually a civil matter, in very extreme cases—like when it causes a death—it may lead to criminal charges. This is separate from any civil lawsuit you may file to seek compensation.
  • Should I speak to a lawyer about gross negligence? If you believe gross negligence caused your injury or a loved one’s death, speaking with a personal injury lawyer may help. A lawyer can explain your rights, gather evidence, and help you take the next steps.
If you have more questions or think you might have a case involving gross negligence in New York City, call The Orlow Firm at (646) 647-3398 for a free and confidential consultation.

Sources & Legal References

Injured by Gross Negligence in NYC? Contact The Orlow Firm for a Free Consultation

What Is Gross Negligence and How Is It Different from Ordinary Negligence in New York?|Gross negligence
If you or a loved one has been seriously hurt due to gross negligence in New York City, you may have legal options—and you don’t have to face them alone. At The Orlow Firm, we help victims understand their rights and pursue fair compensation for their injuries. Gross negligence is more than just a simple mistake. It involves extreme carelessness or recklessness that puts others in serious danger. For example, a nursing home caregiver who knowingly ignores a resident’s urgent medical needs, or a construction site manager who removes safety equipment to save time, may be acting with gross negligence. If you've suffered because someone acted with this kind of disregard for your safety, it's important to speak with an attorney who understands how these cases work under New York law. Filing a personal injury claim for gross negligence may help you recover for:
  • Medical expenses from hospital stays, medications, or ongoing therapy
  • Lost income if you're unable to work now or in the future
  • Pain and suffering caused by physical and emotional distress
  • Other out-of-pocket expenses related to your injury
Every situation is different. That’s why The Orlow Firm offers a free, no-obligation consultation to learn about your case. During this consultation, we’ll take the time to listen, answer your questions, and explain your legal rights in plain language. If we move forward, our legal team can help gather evidence, speak with witnesses, review insurance records, and take other steps needed to build a strong case. We understand how overwhelming a serious injury can be, and we’re here to make the process easier for you. You don’t have to do this alone. If you believe gross negligence caused your injury, contact The Orlow Firm today at (646) 647-3398 for your free consultation. We’re here to guide you through each step and help you seek the justice you deserve.

The Following People Contributed to This Page

Loyda Gomez
Written byParalegal & Office ManagerB.A.Sc., Political Science & Government, John Jay College of Criminal Justice (CUNY), 22+ years at The Orlow Firm, Bilingual: English and Spanish

Related Articles

The Orlow Firm’s Results

Notable settlements and verdicts for our clients

$5,000,000

Infant Lead Poisoning - Foster Home

Infant placed in foster home with lead paint developed extremely elevated blood lead levels causing neurological problems.

Lead Poisoning
Read Full Story →
1 of 14

Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.

Our Reviews on Google

The Orlow Firm’s Reputation On Google

The Orlow Firm is rated 4.9/5 across all of our Google reviews (as of March 2026). Below is a small sample of what people are saying about the firm and the compassionate advocacy we provided for them.

Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.

My experience with the Orlow firm was phenomenal. They were very knowledgeable about my situation very caring very informative I was very comfortable with them because kept me informed every step of the way. They were very respectable non-bias of my feelings or my pain. The Orlow firm commanded excellence from the receptionist to all the office staff they never quit on me they stuck it out to the very end and I appreciated that. I thank God for this firm.

PHYLLIS HAIRSTON

My experience from beginning to the end regarding my injury was a smooth transition. Both Adam and Brian guided me accordingly with the least amount of stress possible. Whenever I needed to speak to either of them, they were always available. The information being relayed to me by the other party was always straight forward with no uncertainties. They were honest with my settlement and what was expected. I highly recommend this practice. Everyone in the practice has always been professional and courteous. If I were to ever be in a situation again when I need to seek legal counsel for an injury I will certainly be contacting them again. Many thanks to the Orlow Firm.

Krystle Rivera

I’m very thankful because of the Orlow firm won my case , trustable , every time I had a question they would respond. Thank you lawyer Bryan for helping me with my case.

Liz Pavia

From the beginning, they showed genuine concern and work with me. They answered all my questions and addressed my worries. They were always working to get me a decent settlement. Brian, Adam and Tom are the best. I want to thank them and their team for all their help. To them it’s not business because they really showed they care.

Mirlyne Oriental

There is no word to describe how happy I’am for choosing Orlow firm to defend me. From the moment I contacted the firm , I know was in good hand. I’am very satisfying with the outcome in my case. If want to win your case without fighting so hard, please contact Orlow firm.

Haoua Guira-Ouedraogo

Since I have my accident Brain Orlow and his team Been helping me every step with case They. Are concerned about client Make sure they have good access to doctors appointments And financial support For me i will hire this firm again

Rumdy Lazos

Memberships & Accolades

The Orlow Firm’s Accolades

Founded in 1982, The Orlow Firm has earned many top-level honors for its excellence, compassion, and legal excellence. These recognitions reflect our unwavering commitment to achieving justice, delivering results, and providing compassionate, personalized representation to injury victims in Queens and throughout New York City.

Lawyers.com
Super Lawyers
Justia
Martindale-Hubbell AV Rated

Our Locations

We offer free initial consultations and operate four offices across New York City for your convenience. We can go to you if you cannot come to us.

Queens Office (Main)

71-18 Main Street
Queens, NY 11367 Map

(646) 647-3398

Fax: 718-544-6485

Manhattan Office

(By appointment only)

405 Lexington Ave, 26th Floor
New York, NY 10174 Map

(646) 647-3398

Fax: 718-544-6485

Brooklyn Office

(By appointment only)

32 Court Street
Brooklyn, NY 11201 Map

(646) 647-3398

Fax: 718-544-6485

Bronx Office

(By appointment only)

903 Sheridan Avenue, 2nd Floor
Bronx, NY 10453 Map

(646) 647-3398

Fax: 718-544-6485

Request a Free Consultation

Contact Us Today

Attorney Advertising Disclaimer
Notice: The information on this website is for general information purposes only. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. The Orlow Firm works on a contingent fee basis. A contingent basis means that our attorneys do not charge by consultation but will take a percentage on the amount recovered. This amount is usually one third of the net recovery after disbursement. This means that the cost of hiring The Orlow Firm varies based on the amount recovered.

© 2026 by The Orlow Firm. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy. Terms & Conditions. Sitemap.